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.After thenaval victory of Sir Edward Hawke (November 20th 1759) the danger no longersubsisted; yet instead of disbanding the first regiments of militia, the remainderwas embodied the ensuing year, and public unanimity applauded their illegalcontinuance in the field till the end of the War.In this new mode of service theywere subject like the regulars to martial law; they received the same advantagesof pay and cloathing, and the families, at least of the principals, were main-tained at the charge of the parish.With the skill they soon imbibed the spirit of mercenaries, the character of au t Brown, 1758, a widely read jeremiad at the unprosperous onset of the Seven Years War (Library, p.80).See Crimmins, 1983, though this is not primarily a study of the Estimate. 116 England and Switzerland, 1737 1763militia was lost; and, under that specious name, the crown had acquired asecond army, more costly and less useful than the first.The most beneficialeffect of this institution was to eradicate among the Country gentlemen therelicks of Tory or rather of Jacobite prejudice.The accession of a British Kingreconciled them to the government and even to the court: but they have beensince accused of transferring their passive loyalty from the Stuarts to the familyof Brunswick; and I have heard Mr.Burke exclaim in the house of Commons They have changed the Idol, but they have preserved the Idolatry! u uThere are one or two things Gibbon does not say about this militia:that it was not extended to Scotland, that it provoked widespreadpopular riots in England; but he has indicated that it was a modern andnot an ancient phenomenon, that it was not an embodiment of repub-lican or Gothic civic virtue, though its constitutional character does notseem to be diminished by its illegal continuance.He is saying that itwas a Whig as well as a patriot achievement, which transformed whatnational enthusiasm there was into a second standing army at theCrown s disposal.There is still enough blue-water Toryism in hisdiscourse to make him remark that it ceased to be justifiable after thedanger by sea was removed at Quiberon Bay; but he has earlierremarked that the sea was long the sole safeguard of our isle ,u v and thereis a passage in the Decline and Fall s first volume which indicates that itcannot be so for ever.u w In these ways Gibbon is moving away from anyTory or patriot preferences he may once have had, and in a Whigdirection; and his main conclusion about Pitt s militia is that it was themeans of reconciling Tory and Jacobite families like his own to theHouse of Hanover.This reconciliation, in his judgment, came aboutlate and for blue-water reasons; it was not completed until George IIIascended to the throne, in the second year of Gibbon s militia service,declaring that he gloried in the name of Britain and was therefore notcommitted to the interests of Hanover.But the new monarch set himselfto get rid of Pitt and conclude a peace which did not give Britain auniversal empire of the seas and the Americas; and his breach withpowerful Whig factions brought down the charge, by Burke and manyothers, that he had purchased Tory loyalty at too high a price.Gibbon,a beneficiary of that reconciliation, was to sit in Parliament through theAmerican crisis as a follower of Lord North and to lose both his placeand his seat in the political storms of 1780.His judgment on Burke soutburst is studiously withheld.He gives his estimate of what service inu u Memoirs, pp.109 11; A, pp.180 2 (Memoir B).u v Above, p.96; my italics.u w The account of the overthrow of Allectus; Decline and Fall, i, ch.13; Womersley, i, p.367; Bury, i, p.388. The Hampshire militia 117the Hampshire militia did for him, and concludes in the following terms:But my principal obligation to the militia was the making me an Englishmanand a soldier.After my foreign education, with my reserved temper, I shouldlong have continued a stranger in my native country, had I not been shaken inthis various scene of new faces and new friends: had not experience forced meto feel the characters of our leading men, the state of parties, the forms of office,and the operations of our civil and military system.In this peaceful service Iimbibed the rudiments of the language and science of tactics, which opened awhole new field of study and observation.I diligently read and meditated theMémoires militaires of Quintus Icilius (Mr Guichardt), the only writer who hasunited the merits of a professor and a veteran.u x The discipline and evolutionsof a modern battalion gave me a clearer notion of the Phalanx and the Legion,and the Captain of the Hampshire grenadiers (the reader may smile) has notbeen useless to the historian of the Roman Empire [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]
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.After thenaval victory of Sir Edward Hawke (November 20th 1759) the danger no longersubsisted; yet instead of disbanding the first regiments of militia, the remainderwas embodied the ensuing year, and public unanimity applauded their illegalcontinuance in the field till the end of the War.In this new mode of service theywere subject like the regulars to martial law; they received the same advantagesof pay and cloathing, and the families, at least of the principals, were main-tained at the charge of the parish.With the skill they soon imbibed the spirit of mercenaries, the character of au t Brown, 1758, a widely read jeremiad at the unprosperous onset of the Seven Years War (Library, p.80).See Crimmins, 1983, though this is not primarily a study of the Estimate. 116 England and Switzerland, 1737 1763militia was lost; and, under that specious name, the crown had acquired asecond army, more costly and less useful than the first.The most beneficialeffect of this institution was to eradicate among the Country gentlemen therelicks of Tory or rather of Jacobite prejudice.The accession of a British Kingreconciled them to the government and even to the court: but they have beensince accused of transferring their passive loyalty from the Stuarts to the familyof Brunswick; and I have heard Mr.Burke exclaim in the house of Commons They have changed the Idol, but they have preserved the Idolatry! u uThere are one or two things Gibbon does not say about this militia:that it was not extended to Scotland, that it provoked widespreadpopular riots in England; but he has indicated that it was a modern andnot an ancient phenomenon, that it was not an embodiment of repub-lican or Gothic civic virtue, though its constitutional character does notseem to be diminished by its illegal continuance.He is saying that itwas a Whig as well as a patriot achievement, which transformed whatnational enthusiasm there was into a second standing army at theCrown s disposal.There is still enough blue-water Toryism in hisdiscourse to make him remark that it ceased to be justifiable after thedanger by sea was removed at Quiberon Bay; but he has earlierremarked that the sea was long the sole safeguard of our isle ,u v and thereis a passage in the Decline and Fall s first volume which indicates that itcannot be so for ever.u w In these ways Gibbon is moving away from anyTory or patriot preferences he may once have had, and in a Whigdirection; and his main conclusion about Pitt s militia is that it was themeans of reconciling Tory and Jacobite families like his own to theHouse of Hanover.This reconciliation, in his judgment, came aboutlate and for blue-water reasons; it was not completed until George IIIascended to the throne, in the second year of Gibbon s militia service,declaring that he gloried in the name of Britain and was therefore notcommitted to the interests of Hanover.But the new monarch set himselfto get rid of Pitt and conclude a peace which did not give Britain auniversal empire of the seas and the Americas; and his breach withpowerful Whig factions brought down the charge, by Burke and manyothers, that he had purchased Tory loyalty at too high a price.Gibbon,a beneficiary of that reconciliation, was to sit in Parliament through theAmerican crisis as a follower of Lord North and to lose both his placeand his seat in the political storms of 1780.His judgment on Burke soutburst is studiously withheld.He gives his estimate of what service inu u Memoirs, pp.109 11; A, pp.180 2 (Memoir B).u v Above, p.96; my italics.u w The account of the overthrow of Allectus; Decline and Fall, i, ch.13; Womersley, i, p.367; Bury, i, p.388. The Hampshire militia 117the Hampshire militia did for him, and concludes in the following terms:But my principal obligation to the militia was the making me an Englishmanand a soldier.After my foreign education, with my reserved temper, I shouldlong have continued a stranger in my native country, had I not been shaken inthis various scene of new faces and new friends: had not experience forced meto feel the characters of our leading men, the state of parties, the forms of office,and the operations of our civil and military system.In this peaceful service Iimbibed the rudiments of the language and science of tactics, which opened awhole new field of study and observation.I diligently read and meditated theMémoires militaires of Quintus Icilius (Mr Guichardt), the only writer who hasunited the merits of a professor and a veteran.u x The discipline and evolutionsof a modern battalion gave me a clearer notion of the Phalanx and the Legion,and the Captain of the Hampshire grenadiers (the reader may smile) has notbeen useless to the historian of the Roman Empire [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]