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.They referred to thepolitical and ecological position of these towns as compact, largelyagricultural, communities cultivating and taking instruction from the|Framework:and Environment 50natural resources, and geologic presence of the land.The City patientlyobserved women baking pies and the simple technologies of the water-wheel miller, the blacksmith, and the farmer.MacKaye and Chasewere both New Englanders, and The New Exploration, was itself a kindof hymn to the New England small town.MacKaye claimed that thesmall settlement generated a true cosmopolitanism and that the me-tropolis generated a kind of standardized exotic as inauthentic andarti cial as its own money-based economy.MacKaye wrote in TheNew Exploration, Cosmopolitanism adds to the world s variety: metro-politanism adds to the world s monotony.By taking cues from thespecialties of the landscape and soils as they change from area to area,the towns would contain more variety than the great monolith of themetropolis.33The nostalgic Yankee moralizing, however, was mixed with hopesof a bright new neotechnic society.The lm also showed cars andtownless highways moving ef ciently through the country, and air-planes taking off as the narrator read, Science takes ight at last forhuman goals.The group often used airplane views or motion pic-ture metaphors to take a more comprehensive look at the landscape oranimate exchange and activity within it, while at the same time associ-ating with twentieth-century technological advances.As Stein andMumford were in Shirley lming The City, however, Stein wrote toMacKaye, The other thing which is lacking and, I am afraid, will besomewhat dif cult to secure, is any scenes of the community itself.Assoon as one tries to gather a crowd of people these days, one gets awhole lot of automobiles in the foreground.Although we are not go-ing to pretend that this is a colonial village in colonial times, somehowor other, we have the fear that the thing will seem a little out of charac-ter if there is too much of the automobile age.34Showing the old city and the new, Mumford s narration claimed,You take your choice.Each one is real.Each one is possible.Orderhas come order and life together.We ve got the skills.We ve foundthe way.We built the cities.All that we know about machines andsoils and raw materials and human ways of living is waiting.We canreproduce the pattern and better it a thousand times.It s here! Thenew city.Ready to serve a better age.You and your children thechoice is yours 35|1.2 51Notes1.Benton MacKaye, The New Exploration: Charting the Industrial Wilderness, TheSurvey Graphic 65 (1 May 1925): 153.2.Benton MacKaye, An Appalachian Trail: A Project in Regional Planning, reprintJournal of the American Institute of Architects, 19 (October 1921): 4.3.Bryant, 16, 19 30.4.MacKaye, An Appalachian Trail, 4.5.MacKaye, The New Exploration, 179, 153, 154.Benton MacKaye, The NewNorthwest Passage, The Nation 122 (2 June 1926): 603; Benton MacKaye, Indus-trial Exploration, serial publication in The Nation: I.Charting the World s Com-modity Flow, 125 (20 July 1927): 71.MacKaye used the word incognito in The NewExploration and terra incognita in The New Northwest Passage and Charting theWorld s Commodity Flow.6.MacKaye, The New Exploration, 154.7.MacKaye, The New Exploration: A Philosophy of Regional Planning (New York: Har-court, Brace and Company, Inc., 1928), 56 94.8.Ibid., 20.9.Ibid., 50 51.10.Ibid., 50.11.Ibid., 213 214, 212, 205 (MacKaye quoting Thoreau), 213.12.Ibid., 212.13.Ibid., 153.14.MacKaye, An Appalachian Trail, reprint, Journal of the American Institute of Archi-tects, 19 (October 1921): 8.15.MacKaye, The New Exploration, 1928, 152.16.MacKaye, The New Northwest Passage, The Nation 122 (2 June 1926): 603.17.MacKaye, End or Peak of Civilization? The Survey 47 (1 October 1932): 441.18.MacKaye, Tennessee Seed of a National Plan, Survey Graphic, 22 (May 1933),254.19.MacKaye, To Keep Malignant Growths Off Our Highways, Boston Evening Tran-script, February 21, 1928.20.Frank G.Novak Jr.Lewis Mumford and Patrick Geddes: The Correspondence (London:Routledge, 1995), 172; and Stuart Chase, My Friend Benton in Benton MacKaye:A Tribute by Lewis Mumford, Stuart Chase, Paul Oehser, Frederick Gutheim, Har-ley P.Holden, Paul T.Bryant, Robert M.Howes, C.J.S.Durham, The Living Wil-derness, 39 n.132 ( January/March, 1976):18.21.The charter members included engineer and architect Frederick Ackerman (18781950) Frederick Bigger, builder and nancier Alexander Bing, John Bright, writerand economist Stuart Chase, forester and regional planner Benton MacKaye, writerLewis Mumford (1895 1990), architect Clarence Stein (1882 1975), journalist andeditor of the Journal of the American Institute of Architects, C.H.Whitaker (18721935) and architect and planner Henry Wright (1878 1936).Housing experts Cath-erine Bauer (1905 1964) and Edith Elmer Wood (1871 1945) as well as Tracy Augurand Clarence Arthur Perry were among those who were later involved.Carl Suss-man, ed [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.They referred to thepolitical and ecological position of these towns as compact, largelyagricultural, communities cultivating and taking instruction from the|Framework:and Environment 50natural resources, and geologic presence of the land.The City patientlyobserved women baking pies and the simple technologies of the water-wheel miller, the blacksmith, and the farmer.MacKaye and Chasewere both New Englanders, and The New Exploration, was itself a kindof hymn to the New England small town.MacKaye claimed that thesmall settlement generated a true cosmopolitanism and that the me-tropolis generated a kind of standardized exotic as inauthentic andarti cial as its own money-based economy.MacKaye wrote in TheNew Exploration, Cosmopolitanism adds to the world s variety: metro-politanism adds to the world s monotony.By taking cues from thespecialties of the landscape and soils as they change from area to area,the towns would contain more variety than the great monolith of themetropolis.33The nostalgic Yankee moralizing, however, was mixed with hopesof a bright new neotechnic society.The lm also showed cars andtownless highways moving ef ciently through the country, and air-planes taking off as the narrator read, Science takes ight at last forhuman goals.The group often used airplane views or motion pic-ture metaphors to take a more comprehensive look at the landscape oranimate exchange and activity within it, while at the same time associ-ating with twentieth-century technological advances.As Stein andMumford were in Shirley lming The City, however, Stein wrote toMacKaye, The other thing which is lacking and, I am afraid, will besomewhat dif cult to secure, is any scenes of the community itself.Assoon as one tries to gather a crowd of people these days, one gets awhole lot of automobiles in the foreground.Although we are not go-ing to pretend that this is a colonial village in colonial times, somehowor other, we have the fear that the thing will seem a little out of charac-ter if there is too much of the automobile age.34Showing the old city and the new, Mumford s narration claimed,You take your choice.Each one is real.Each one is possible.Orderhas come order and life together.We ve got the skills.We ve foundthe way.We built the cities.All that we know about machines andsoils and raw materials and human ways of living is waiting.We canreproduce the pattern and better it a thousand times.It s here! Thenew city.Ready to serve a better age.You and your children thechoice is yours 35|1.2 51Notes1.Benton MacKaye, The New Exploration: Charting the Industrial Wilderness, TheSurvey Graphic 65 (1 May 1925): 153.2.Benton MacKaye, An Appalachian Trail: A Project in Regional Planning, reprintJournal of the American Institute of Architects, 19 (October 1921): 4.3.Bryant, 16, 19 30.4.MacKaye, An Appalachian Trail, 4.5.MacKaye, The New Exploration, 179, 153, 154.Benton MacKaye, The NewNorthwest Passage, The Nation 122 (2 June 1926): 603; Benton MacKaye, Indus-trial Exploration, serial publication in The Nation: I.Charting the World s Com-modity Flow, 125 (20 July 1927): 71.MacKaye used the word incognito in The NewExploration and terra incognita in The New Northwest Passage and Charting theWorld s Commodity Flow.6.MacKaye, The New Exploration, 154.7.MacKaye, The New Exploration: A Philosophy of Regional Planning (New York: Har-court, Brace and Company, Inc., 1928), 56 94.8.Ibid., 20.9.Ibid., 50 51.10.Ibid., 50.11.Ibid., 213 214, 212, 205 (MacKaye quoting Thoreau), 213.12.Ibid., 212.13.Ibid., 153.14.MacKaye, An Appalachian Trail, reprint, Journal of the American Institute of Archi-tects, 19 (October 1921): 8.15.MacKaye, The New Exploration, 1928, 152.16.MacKaye, The New Northwest Passage, The Nation 122 (2 June 1926): 603.17.MacKaye, End or Peak of Civilization? The Survey 47 (1 October 1932): 441.18.MacKaye, Tennessee Seed of a National Plan, Survey Graphic, 22 (May 1933),254.19.MacKaye, To Keep Malignant Growths Off Our Highways, Boston Evening Tran-script, February 21, 1928.20.Frank G.Novak Jr.Lewis Mumford and Patrick Geddes: The Correspondence (London:Routledge, 1995), 172; and Stuart Chase, My Friend Benton in Benton MacKaye:A Tribute by Lewis Mumford, Stuart Chase, Paul Oehser, Frederick Gutheim, Har-ley P.Holden, Paul T.Bryant, Robert M.Howes, C.J.S.Durham, The Living Wil-derness, 39 n.132 ( January/March, 1976):18.21.The charter members included engineer and architect Frederick Ackerman (18781950) Frederick Bigger, builder and nancier Alexander Bing, John Bright, writerand economist Stuart Chase, forester and regional planner Benton MacKaye, writerLewis Mumford (1895 1990), architect Clarence Stein (1882 1975), journalist andeditor of the Journal of the American Institute of Architects, C.H.Whitaker (18721935) and architect and planner Henry Wright (1878 1936).Housing experts Cath-erine Bauer (1905 1964) and Edith Elmer Wood (1871 1945) as well as Tracy Augurand Clarence Arthur Perry were among those who were later involved.Carl Suss-man, ed [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]