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.Ironically, this city was morethan vaguely involved in the destruction of both democratic institutions.The Bauhauswas put under pressure by reactionary forces in 1925 and closed by the conservativegovernment, a fact that went almost unnoticed in America. 111 PHASES OF EXISTENCEDessau The majority of the Weimar students and teachers accompanied the Bauhausto Dessau.The teacher Gertrud Grunow, the sculptor Gerhard Marcks, thefirst master of the theater workshop Lothar Schreyer, and the architect Adolf Meyer,who was also Gropius s partner, did not stay on or had already left the school earlier.The official opening at the new location was on 1 April 1925.Under the leadership ofFritz Hesse, the city had competed with other cities, including Frankfurt-am-Main, toattract the Bauhaus.Dessau, a court seat in the eighteenth century, had become anemerging industrial city in the early twentieth century, in part because of the Junkersaircraft factory.It seemed an appropriate location for a school that was dedicated tocollaboration with industry.One of the decisive factors in favor of Dessau was the gen-erous offer of land and money made to the Bauhaus for the construction of several mas-ters houses and its own school buildings.These buildings offered an exceptionalchance to manifest the school s pedagogic and artistic programs.Gropius designed themain building, and the Bauhaus s workshops designed and executed the interior fin-ishes.On 4 December 1926, some seventy years ago, the Dessau Bauhaus building wascompleted.Almost immediately, it was to become one of the architecture incunabulaeof modernism.Its lasting cultural and historical significance was underlined in Decem-ber 1996, when it was inscribed in the list of world cultural heritage sites of theUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).During the period of this study, an image of the Bauhaus developed in theUnited States which identified the Bauhaus almost overwhelmingly with Dessau andwith an abstract, constructivist, functionalist idiom.17 This view held sway for a long3.2 Bauhaus Dessau, letterhead.(Bauhaus Dessau Foundation;reproduced by permission of VG Bildkunst, Bonn, 1999.)15 Those articles that considered the Weimar Bauhaus, at least in the sense of its position and itssignificance as a center of Gropius s activity, were: Revolution Reflected in the New Art ofGermany, 255f.; Herman George Scheffauer, Building the Master Builder, 304f.; Scheffauer, The Work of Walter Gropius, 50.These three articles appeared before the Bauhaus s reloca-tion to Dessau in 1925.The following articles were published between 1932 and 1936: DouglasHaskell, The Closing of the Bauhaus, 374f.; George Nelson, Architects of Europe Today:Gropius, 424; James M.Richards, Walter Gropius, 46.Nelson, who only briefly discussesWeimar, rightfully states that the school first achieved its fame in Dessau.Richards s article,published after The New Architecture and the Bauhaus, attributes significance to the Weimarphase in the definition of the school s character.16 Hitchcock, Modern Architecture, 187f.17 Avery Index 6 (1958): 236; 1:177; 15:369ff. 112 THE IMAGE OF THE BAUHAUS AS RECEIVED IN AMERICAtime: even in 1958, the Avery Index noted under the heading Weimar.Bauhaus seeDessau.Bauhaus. The heading Bauhaus contains only the reference See Dessau.Bauhaus. It is not until the 1973 edition that the references are better differentiated:the heading Bauhaus reads See Dessau Bauhaus, Weimar Bauhaus. None of thearticles listed in the Index under Weimar is dated prior to 1960.The one-sidedness ofthe attention given to the Dessau Bauhaus was not based on a high esteem for theachievements of that school, but rather on a lack of knowledge about the evolution andtransformation of the Bauhaus as an institution: both Milton D.Lowenstein andCatherine Bauer state that the school was founded in the city of Dessau.18 Misunder-standings were related to polemics that grew up around a decontextualized, ahistoricalimage of the Dessau Bauhaus.The school was finally identified with this phase of itsexistence alone.For example, Edwin A.Horner and Sigurd Fischer did not mentionWeimar at all in the article Modern Architecture in Germany, which discusses theschool and building in Dessau.19 An article by Gropius himself may also have con-tributed to the misconception.In The Small House of Today (1931), the followingshort biographical note was included: Mr.Gropius, a prominent figure in Europeanarchitecture and founder of The Bauhaus at Dessau, Germany, gives a clear expositionof the new planning and building methods [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.Ironically, this city was morethan vaguely involved in the destruction of both democratic institutions.The Bauhauswas put under pressure by reactionary forces in 1925 and closed by the conservativegovernment, a fact that went almost unnoticed in America. 111 PHASES OF EXISTENCEDessau The majority of the Weimar students and teachers accompanied the Bauhausto Dessau.The teacher Gertrud Grunow, the sculptor Gerhard Marcks, thefirst master of the theater workshop Lothar Schreyer, and the architect Adolf Meyer,who was also Gropius s partner, did not stay on or had already left the school earlier.The official opening at the new location was on 1 April 1925.Under the leadership ofFritz Hesse, the city had competed with other cities, including Frankfurt-am-Main, toattract the Bauhaus.Dessau, a court seat in the eighteenth century, had become anemerging industrial city in the early twentieth century, in part because of the Junkersaircraft factory.It seemed an appropriate location for a school that was dedicated tocollaboration with industry.One of the decisive factors in favor of Dessau was the gen-erous offer of land and money made to the Bauhaus for the construction of several mas-ters houses and its own school buildings.These buildings offered an exceptionalchance to manifest the school s pedagogic and artistic programs.Gropius designed themain building, and the Bauhaus s workshops designed and executed the interior fin-ishes.On 4 December 1926, some seventy years ago, the Dessau Bauhaus building wascompleted.Almost immediately, it was to become one of the architecture incunabulaeof modernism.Its lasting cultural and historical significance was underlined in Decem-ber 1996, when it was inscribed in the list of world cultural heritage sites of theUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).During the period of this study, an image of the Bauhaus developed in theUnited States which identified the Bauhaus almost overwhelmingly with Dessau andwith an abstract, constructivist, functionalist idiom.17 This view held sway for a long3.2 Bauhaus Dessau, letterhead.(Bauhaus Dessau Foundation;reproduced by permission of VG Bildkunst, Bonn, 1999.)15 Those articles that considered the Weimar Bauhaus, at least in the sense of its position and itssignificance as a center of Gropius s activity, were: Revolution Reflected in the New Art ofGermany, 255f.; Herman George Scheffauer, Building the Master Builder, 304f.; Scheffauer, The Work of Walter Gropius, 50.These three articles appeared before the Bauhaus s reloca-tion to Dessau in 1925.The following articles were published between 1932 and 1936: DouglasHaskell, The Closing of the Bauhaus, 374f.; George Nelson, Architects of Europe Today:Gropius, 424; James M.Richards, Walter Gropius, 46.Nelson, who only briefly discussesWeimar, rightfully states that the school first achieved its fame in Dessau.Richards s article,published after The New Architecture and the Bauhaus, attributes significance to the Weimarphase in the definition of the school s character.16 Hitchcock, Modern Architecture, 187f.17 Avery Index 6 (1958): 236; 1:177; 15:369ff. 112 THE IMAGE OF THE BAUHAUS AS RECEIVED IN AMERICAtime: even in 1958, the Avery Index noted under the heading Weimar.Bauhaus seeDessau.Bauhaus. The heading Bauhaus contains only the reference See Dessau.Bauhaus. It is not until the 1973 edition that the references are better differentiated:the heading Bauhaus reads See Dessau Bauhaus, Weimar Bauhaus. None of thearticles listed in the Index under Weimar is dated prior to 1960.The one-sidedness ofthe attention given to the Dessau Bauhaus was not based on a high esteem for theachievements of that school, but rather on a lack of knowledge about the evolution andtransformation of the Bauhaus as an institution: both Milton D.Lowenstein andCatherine Bauer state that the school was founded in the city of Dessau.18 Misunder-standings were related to polemics that grew up around a decontextualized, ahistoricalimage of the Dessau Bauhaus.The school was finally identified with this phase of itsexistence alone.For example, Edwin A.Horner and Sigurd Fischer did not mentionWeimar at all in the article Modern Architecture in Germany, which discusses theschool and building in Dessau.19 An article by Gropius himself may also have con-tributed to the misconception.In The Small House of Today (1931), the followingshort biographical note was included: Mr.Gropius, a prominent figure in Europeanarchitecture and founder of The Bauhaus at Dessau, Germany, gives a clear expositionof the new planning and building methods [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]