Pokrewne
- Strona Główna
- Ks. Adam Skwarczyński PORADY DUSZPASTERZA (Niezbędnik w trudnych sytuacjach)
- Bahdaj Adam Order z ksiezyca (SCAN dal 804) (2)
- Asnyk Adam Poezje Publicznosc i poeci
- Adam Cyra Raport Witolda Pileckiego
- Mickiewicz Adam Pan Tadeusz ISBN 9789185805006
- Wisniewski Snerg Adam Wedlug Lotra
- Bahdaj Adam Order z ksiezyca (2)
- Sznaper Adam Akademia cudow
- Eco Umberto Imie Rozy
- Marcowy Kawaler
- zanotowane.pl
- doc.pisz.pl
- pdf.pisz.pl
- pozycb.xlx.pl
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
.Adam Smith ElecBook Classics The Wealth of Nations: Book 5 1064Articles of faith, as well as all other spiritual matters, it isevident enough, are not within the proper department of atemporal sovereign, who, though he may be very well qualified forprotecting, is seldom supposed to be so for instructing the people.With regard to such matters, therefore, his authority can seldombe sufficient to counterbalance the united authority of the clergyof the established church.The public tranquillity, however, andhis own security, may frequently depend upon the doctrines whichthey may think proper to propagate concerning such matters.Ashe can seldom directly oppose their decision, therefore, withproper weight and authority, it is necessary that he should be ableto influence it; and be can influence it only by the fears andexpectations which he may excite in the greater part of theindividuals of the order.Those fears and expectations may consistin the fear of deprivation or other punishment, and in theexpectation of further preferment.In all Christian churches the benefices of the clergy are a sort offreeholds which they enjoy, not during pleasure, but during life orgood behaviour.If they held them by a more precarious tenure,and were liable to be turned out upon every slight disobligationeither of the sovereign or of his ministers, it would perhaps beimpossible for them to maintain their authority with the people,who would then consider them as mercenary dependants upon thecourt, in the security of whose instructions they could no longerhave any confidence.But should the sovereign attempt irregularly,and by violence, to deprive any number of clergymen of theirfreeholds, on account, perhaps, of their having propagated, withmore than ordinary zeal, some factious or seditious doctrine, hewould only render, by such persecution, both them and theirAdam Smith ElecBook Classics The Wealth of Nations: Book 5 1065doctrine ten times more popular, and therefore ten times moretroublesome and dangerous, than they had been before.Fear is inalmost all cases a wretched instrument of government, and oughtin particular never to be employed against any order of men whohave the smallest pretensions to independency.To attempt toterrify them serves only to irritate their bad humour, and toconfirm them in an opposition which more gentle usage perhapsmight easily induce them either to soften or to lay aside altogether.The violence which the French government usually employed inorder to oblige all their parliaments, or sovereign courts of justice,to enregister any unpopular edict, very seldom succeeded.Themeans commonly employed, however, the imprisonment of all therefractory members, one would think were forcible enough.The princes of the house of Stewart sometimes employed thelike means in order to influence some of the members of theParliament of England; and they generally found them equallyintractable.The Parliament of England is now managed inanother manner; and a very small experiment which the Duke ofChoiseul made about twelve years ago upon the Parliament ofParis, demonstrated sufficiently that all the parliaments of Francemight have been managed still more easily in the same manner.That experiment was not pursued.For though management andpersuasion are always the easiest and the safest instruments ofgovernments, as force and violence are the worst and the mostdangerous, yet such, it seems, is the natural insolence of man thathe almost always disdains to use the good instrument, exceptwhen he cannot or dare not use the bad one.The Frenchgovernment could and durst use force, and therefore disdained touse management and persuasion.But there is no order of men, itAdam Smith ElecBook Classics The Wealth of Nations: Book 5 1066appears, I believe, from the experience of all ages, upon whom it isso dangerous, or rather so perfectly ruinous, to employ force andviolence, as upon the respected clergy of any established church.The rights, the privileges, the personal liberty of every individualecclesiastic who is upon good terms with his own order are, evenin the most despotic governments, more respected than those ofany other person of nearly equal rank and fortune.It is so in everygradation of despotism, from that of the gentle and mildgovernment of Paris to that of the violent and furious governmentof Constantinople.But though this order of men can scarce everbe forced, they may be managed as easily as any other; and thesecurity of the sovereign, as well as the public tranquillity, seemsto depend very much upon the means which he has of managingthem; and those means seem to consist altogether in thepreferment which he has to bestow upon them.In the ancient constitution of the Christian church, the bishopof each diocese was elected by the joint votes of the clergy and ofthe people of the episcopal city.The people did not long retaintheir right of election; and while they did retain it, they almostalways acted under the influence of the clergy, who in suchspiritual matters appeared to be their natural guides.The clergy,however, soon grew weary of the trouble of managing them, andfound it easier to elect their own bishops themselves [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
zanotowane.pl doc.pisz.pl pdf.pisz.pl agnieszka90.opx.pl
.Adam Smith ElecBook Classics The Wealth of Nations: Book 5 1064Articles of faith, as well as all other spiritual matters, it isevident enough, are not within the proper department of atemporal sovereign, who, though he may be very well qualified forprotecting, is seldom supposed to be so for instructing the people.With regard to such matters, therefore, his authority can seldombe sufficient to counterbalance the united authority of the clergyof the established church.The public tranquillity, however, andhis own security, may frequently depend upon the doctrines whichthey may think proper to propagate concerning such matters.Ashe can seldom directly oppose their decision, therefore, withproper weight and authority, it is necessary that he should be ableto influence it; and be can influence it only by the fears andexpectations which he may excite in the greater part of theindividuals of the order.Those fears and expectations may consistin the fear of deprivation or other punishment, and in theexpectation of further preferment.In all Christian churches the benefices of the clergy are a sort offreeholds which they enjoy, not during pleasure, but during life orgood behaviour.If they held them by a more precarious tenure,and were liable to be turned out upon every slight disobligationeither of the sovereign or of his ministers, it would perhaps beimpossible for them to maintain their authority with the people,who would then consider them as mercenary dependants upon thecourt, in the security of whose instructions they could no longerhave any confidence.But should the sovereign attempt irregularly,and by violence, to deprive any number of clergymen of theirfreeholds, on account, perhaps, of their having propagated, withmore than ordinary zeal, some factious or seditious doctrine, hewould only render, by such persecution, both them and theirAdam Smith ElecBook Classics The Wealth of Nations: Book 5 1065doctrine ten times more popular, and therefore ten times moretroublesome and dangerous, than they had been before.Fear is inalmost all cases a wretched instrument of government, and oughtin particular never to be employed against any order of men whohave the smallest pretensions to independency.To attempt toterrify them serves only to irritate their bad humour, and toconfirm them in an opposition which more gentle usage perhapsmight easily induce them either to soften or to lay aside altogether.The violence which the French government usually employed inorder to oblige all their parliaments, or sovereign courts of justice,to enregister any unpopular edict, very seldom succeeded.Themeans commonly employed, however, the imprisonment of all therefractory members, one would think were forcible enough.The princes of the house of Stewart sometimes employed thelike means in order to influence some of the members of theParliament of England; and they generally found them equallyintractable.The Parliament of England is now managed inanother manner; and a very small experiment which the Duke ofChoiseul made about twelve years ago upon the Parliament ofParis, demonstrated sufficiently that all the parliaments of Francemight have been managed still more easily in the same manner.That experiment was not pursued.For though management andpersuasion are always the easiest and the safest instruments ofgovernments, as force and violence are the worst and the mostdangerous, yet such, it seems, is the natural insolence of man thathe almost always disdains to use the good instrument, exceptwhen he cannot or dare not use the bad one.The Frenchgovernment could and durst use force, and therefore disdained touse management and persuasion.But there is no order of men, itAdam Smith ElecBook Classics The Wealth of Nations: Book 5 1066appears, I believe, from the experience of all ages, upon whom it isso dangerous, or rather so perfectly ruinous, to employ force andviolence, as upon the respected clergy of any established church.The rights, the privileges, the personal liberty of every individualecclesiastic who is upon good terms with his own order are, evenin the most despotic governments, more respected than those ofany other person of nearly equal rank and fortune.It is so in everygradation of despotism, from that of the gentle and mildgovernment of Paris to that of the violent and furious governmentof Constantinople.But though this order of men can scarce everbe forced, they may be managed as easily as any other; and thesecurity of the sovereign, as well as the public tranquillity, seemsto depend very much upon the means which he has of managingthem; and those means seem to consist altogether in thepreferment which he has to bestow upon them.In the ancient constitution of the Christian church, the bishopof each diocese was elected by the joint votes of the clergy and ofthe people of the episcopal city.The people did not long retaintheir right of election; and while they did retain it, they almostalways acted under the influence of the clergy, who in suchspiritual matters appeared to be their natural guides.The clergy,however, soon grew weary of the trouble of managing them, andfound it easier to elect their own bishops themselves [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]