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.The evidence taken by the Commission, together withdocuments pertaining to the inquiry, accompany the re-port.The members of the Commission were: BrigadierGenerals George Crook and Nelson A.Miles, United StatesArmy; William Stickney of Washington, and Walter Allen,of Newton, Mass.Mr.Walter Allen submitted an additional report, in whichhe says that while he subscribes to the conclusions andrecommendations of his colleagues in the inquiry as far asthey go, he differs with them in his view of the duty of thecommission to report the facts and reasons upon whichthe conclusion and recommendations are based, instead ofunsupported conclusions and recommendations which mayappear to be uncalled for.He then proceeds to give in detaila history of the various treaties with the Ponca Indians andthe facts of their treatment.President Hayes took the Report and read aloud the recommenda-tions contained in it.Then turning to the Commissioners, he said: gentlemen, if I am to say anything formally, I will say that yourrecommendations are practical, judicious, wise and based uponcommon sense.I shall be glad to give them every support.Yourmission has been a most important one and you have performedyour duties just as I expected you would when I appointed you.Youhave been very thorough and have done very excellent service forwhich I thank you .The Ponca Commission then withdrew & dissolved.I paid a visit to my old friend, Sister de Chantal of the Conventof the Visitation and afterwards went down to the Army MedicalMuseum, with its rich store of ghastly treasures, embracing specificsof all the wounds inflicted during the late War, a horrible momentoof those fearful days of carnage: hospital trains, ambulances, litters,horses, sledges, steamboats, field and permanent hospitals, surgicalimplements, everything in use in our great Army during the warof the Rebellion. This page intentionally left blank. &' &'Part 3The Bureau of Ethnology This page intentionally left blank. Backgroundpon returning to Washington to finalize the work with thePonca Commission, Bourke met with Maj.John WesleyUPowell, director of the two-year-old American Bureau ofEthnology.Powell had learned of Bourke s work from E.S.Holden ofthe Naval Observatory, who had been a year behind Bourke at WestPoint, and from Rev.Dorsey, who, aside from his ministry with theEpiscopal Church, and his work with the Ponca Commission, alsowas an ethnologist on the bureau s staff.Both Holden and Dorseybelieved the bureau could benefit from Bourke s experiences.Fromthis meeting came formal sanction for his ethnological interests,and thus he embarked on the work that would secure his own placein history.Indeed, with and without Crook, and with and withoutofficial support, the remaining fifteen years of his life would be de-voted to this work.1Although Bourke undoubtedly could have worked solely underthe aegis of the Bureau of Ethnology, at this point in his life, he pre-ferred to continue within the framework of his military duties.Hisposition as Crook s aide gave him substantial flexibility, and mostlikely he preferred this to the potential control of Powell.He also1.Porter, Paper Medicine Man, 72.287 288 THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGYbelieved his past experience with the same Indians, and the noteshe had made at the time, would allow him to work much more ef-ficiently.Making his case to Sheridan, he said that working alone will enable me to do more promptly the same amount of workwhich would require with Major Powell, six @ eight months.I feelthat I ought to devote some time to this important work and thussave the accumulations of notes and memoranda, of more or lessaccount, taken during my nearly twelve years of service among theIndians. Sheridan was amenable, provided Crook had no objec-tions, which, of course, Crook did not.2This assignment in conjunction with his military duties wasnot as odd as it might seem.Beginning with the Lewis and ClarkExpedition in 1804, the military was charged not only with policingand maintaining peace, but collecting scientific data as well.Sol-diers were expected to record geological, zoological, and botanicalinformation about the country itself, and ethnological informationabout its native inhabitants.In 1834, officers assigned to explora-tion or field duties on the frontier were ordered to keep journals ofscientific information.The most prominent of these soldier-explorer-scientists of the Antebellum era was Capt.John C.Frémont, whosewell-publicized exploits made him a national hero.Frémont mayhave been the most famous, but there were many others, and officerswho came after the Civil War took up the torch.Thus Bourke hadthe experiences of many officers, both contemporary and earlier,on which to draw, as he himself noted.3Bourke and his contemporaries believed they had three objec-tives.First, they were to chronicle native cultures before they dis-appeared, as most ethnologists of the period believed they surelymust.They also believed scientific data on Indian life and culturecould serve as a guide to establishing Indian policy out of the chaoticcontradictions that had plagued the Department of the Interior fromits inception.Finally, they wanted to establish a methodology foracquiring, organizating, and publishing their information.To thisend, drawing on the works of both American and British historiansand ethnologists, Bourke designed a format for gathering informa-tion, which is reproduced at the end of Chapter 15.2.Bourke, Diary, 38:1118 19; Sheridan to Bourke, March 19, 1881; Crook to Sheridan,March 20, 1881, copies in ibid., 39:1132 33.3.Tate, Frontier Army, Chapter 1. BACKGROUND 289Bourke handled his duties with conflicting emotions.This wasduring the Victorian Era, when white Europeans and their Ameri-can counterparts had reached the zenith of their prestige and self-assurance.The common wisdom of the age dictated that otherraces represented cultures that contributed little of any value tohumanity and, in fact, existed to their own detriment.If people suchas the American Indians were to survive, they must abandon theirnative ways and assume the life of the dominant culture.Bourkewas a product of this era, and shared its prejudices.After visitinga class at the Bannock and Shoshone Agency School at Fort Hall,Idaho, he wrote, No encouraging progress can be hoped for exceptin establishments like Carlisle where a complete segregation of thechildren from the impeding idleness of tribal relations can be se-cured. Carlisle, of course, referred to the Indian School at CarlisleBarracks, Pennsylvania, where children of the various tribes weretransported for education, under the policy of making them abandontheir tribal culture and become productive citizens as defined bynineteenth century white standards.4Nevertheless, this very same attitude gave Bourke trouble.Themore time he spent with Indians, the more he had come to respectthem.In the West, he had observed the best and worst of both In-dian and white culture [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]
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.The evidence taken by the Commission, together withdocuments pertaining to the inquiry, accompany the re-port.The members of the Commission were: BrigadierGenerals George Crook and Nelson A.Miles, United StatesArmy; William Stickney of Washington, and Walter Allen,of Newton, Mass.Mr.Walter Allen submitted an additional report, in whichhe says that while he subscribes to the conclusions andrecommendations of his colleagues in the inquiry as far asthey go, he differs with them in his view of the duty of thecommission to report the facts and reasons upon whichthe conclusion and recommendations are based, instead ofunsupported conclusions and recommendations which mayappear to be uncalled for.He then proceeds to give in detaila history of the various treaties with the Ponca Indians andthe facts of their treatment.President Hayes took the Report and read aloud the recommenda-tions contained in it.Then turning to the Commissioners, he said: gentlemen, if I am to say anything formally, I will say that yourrecommendations are practical, judicious, wise and based uponcommon sense.I shall be glad to give them every support.Yourmission has been a most important one and you have performedyour duties just as I expected you would when I appointed you.Youhave been very thorough and have done very excellent service forwhich I thank you .The Ponca Commission then withdrew & dissolved.I paid a visit to my old friend, Sister de Chantal of the Conventof the Visitation and afterwards went down to the Army MedicalMuseum, with its rich store of ghastly treasures, embracing specificsof all the wounds inflicted during the late War, a horrible momentoof those fearful days of carnage: hospital trains, ambulances, litters,horses, sledges, steamboats, field and permanent hospitals, surgicalimplements, everything in use in our great Army during the warof the Rebellion. This page intentionally left blank. &' &'Part 3The Bureau of Ethnology This page intentionally left blank. Backgroundpon returning to Washington to finalize the work with thePonca Commission, Bourke met with Maj.John WesleyUPowell, director of the two-year-old American Bureau ofEthnology.Powell had learned of Bourke s work from E.S.Holden ofthe Naval Observatory, who had been a year behind Bourke at WestPoint, and from Rev.Dorsey, who, aside from his ministry with theEpiscopal Church, and his work with the Ponca Commission, alsowas an ethnologist on the bureau s staff.Both Holden and Dorseybelieved the bureau could benefit from Bourke s experiences.Fromthis meeting came formal sanction for his ethnological interests,and thus he embarked on the work that would secure his own placein history.Indeed, with and without Crook, and with and withoutofficial support, the remaining fifteen years of his life would be de-voted to this work.1Although Bourke undoubtedly could have worked solely underthe aegis of the Bureau of Ethnology, at this point in his life, he pre-ferred to continue within the framework of his military duties.Hisposition as Crook s aide gave him substantial flexibility, and mostlikely he preferred this to the potential control of Powell.He also1.Porter, Paper Medicine Man, 72.287 288 THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGYbelieved his past experience with the same Indians, and the noteshe had made at the time, would allow him to work much more ef-ficiently.Making his case to Sheridan, he said that working alone will enable me to do more promptly the same amount of workwhich would require with Major Powell, six @ eight months.I feelthat I ought to devote some time to this important work and thussave the accumulations of notes and memoranda, of more or lessaccount, taken during my nearly twelve years of service among theIndians. Sheridan was amenable, provided Crook had no objec-tions, which, of course, Crook did not.2This assignment in conjunction with his military duties wasnot as odd as it might seem.Beginning with the Lewis and ClarkExpedition in 1804, the military was charged not only with policingand maintaining peace, but collecting scientific data as well.Sol-diers were expected to record geological, zoological, and botanicalinformation about the country itself, and ethnological informationabout its native inhabitants.In 1834, officers assigned to explora-tion or field duties on the frontier were ordered to keep journals ofscientific information.The most prominent of these soldier-explorer-scientists of the Antebellum era was Capt.John C.Frémont, whosewell-publicized exploits made him a national hero.Frémont mayhave been the most famous, but there were many others, and officerswho came after the Civil War took up the torch.Thus Bourke hadthe experiences of many officers, both contemporary and earlier,on which to draw, as he himself noted.3Bourke and his contemporaries believed they had three objec-tives.First, they were to chronicle native cultures before they dis-appeared, as most ethnologists of the period believed they surelymust.They also believed scientific data on Indian life and culturecould serve as a guide to establishing Indian policy out of the chaoticcontradictions that had plagued the Department of the Interior fromits inception.Finally, they wanted to establish a methodology foracquiring, organizating, and publishing their information.To thisend, drawing on the works of both American and British historiansand ethnologists, Bourke designed a format for gathering informa-tion, which is reproduced at the end of Chapter 15.2.Bourke, Diary, 38:1118 19; Sheridan to Bourke, March 19, 1881; Crook to Sheridan,March 20, 1881, copies in ibid., 39:1132 33.3.Tate, Frontier Army, Chapter 1. BACKGROUND 289Bourke handled his duties with conflicting emotions.This wasduring the Victorian Era, when white Europeans and their Ameri-can counterparts had reached the zenith of their prestige and self-assurance.The common wisdom of the age dictated that otherraces represented cultures that contributed little of any value tohumanity and, in fact, existed to their own detriment.If people suchas the American Indians were to survive, they must abandon theirnative ways and assume the life of the dominant culture.Bourkewas a product of this era, and shared its prejudices.After visitinga class at the Bannock and Shoshone Agency School at Fort Hall,Idaho, he wrote, No encouraging progress can be hoped for exceptin establishments like Carlisle where a complete segregation of thechildren from the impeding idleness of tribal relations can be se-cured. Carlisle, of course, referred to the Indian School at CarlisleBarracks, Pennsylvania, where children of the various tribes weretransported for education, under the policy of making them abandontheir tribal culture and become productive citizens as defined bynineteenth century white standards.4Nevertheless, this very same attitude gave Bourke trouble.Themore time he spent with Indians, the more he had come to respectthem.In the West, he had observed the best and worst of both In-dian and white culture [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]