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.Sino-Soviet rivalry divided theCommunist world, separating allies of China from those allied with theSoviet Union.What Maoism brought upon China, and those Communist countriesthat followed China, was as dark and bloody as the Russia of Lenin andStalin.But as the "worst of the worst," Maoism created much more terri-ble regimes.In the following pages, we'll examine the red savagery that embracedAsia.Darwin's Visit to ChinaCommunism is really a European ideology, first proposed byEuropean philosophers and put into effect for the first time by Europeanactivists.It's really nothing more than the result of the materialist hostil-ity towards religion that took root in Europe.It is curious that this ideol-ogy reached and took root in an isolated country like China, so distantfrom Europe in every way.But if we look at China's recent history, a fa-miliar pattern emerges: the coming of Communism to China meant thecoming of atheism which took root thanks to Darwinism.Until the end of the 18th century, China was an inward- looking soci-ety, isolated from Western culture.The coming of English merchants inthe 19th century, brought many changes to the country.With them, thesemerchants brought a substance called opium, unknown in China before.Consumption of opium spread like an epidemic in Chinese society andwas the cause of two wars between England and China.Finally, Englandpreponderated over China.Hong Kong and other important Chinesecities fell under English influence.In this way, English imperialism entered China and with it, came COMMUNISM IN AMBUSH114Darwinism that gave imperialism scientific support.In the 19th century,the materialist and Darwinist ideas that had dominated Europe beganspreading quickly among Chinese intellectuals.In The Encyclopedia ofEvolution, Richard Milner writes:During the 19th century, the West regarded China as a sleeping giant, iso-lated and mired in ancient traditions.Few Europeans realized how avidlyChinese intellectuals seized on Darwinian evolutionary ideas and saw inthem a hopeful impetus for progress and change.According to the Chinesewriter Hu Shih (Living Philosophies, 1931), when Thomas Huxley's bookEvolution and Ethics was published in 1898, it was immediately acclaimedand accepted by Chinese intellectuals.Rich men sponsored cheap Chineseeditions so they could be widely distributed to the masses.57Just as young Turks were captivated by Western materialist ideas atthe end of the Ottoman period, so in China, ideologues appeared whoadopted materialism and Darwinism.As a result, the Chinese Empirethat had lasted thousands of years was abolished in 1911 and replacedby the Republic of China.Those who founded the republic, no matterhow anti-Western their rhetoric and policy may have been, adopted thesame racist and Social Darwinist understanding that had justifiedWestern imperialism.In an article in the American magazine NewRepublic, senior editor Jacob Heilbrunn writes:The idea of using Western ideas and inventions against the West was at itszenith in those days.In the wake of the famous May 4, 1919, demonstrationsin Beijing, calls for modernity and patriotism, science and democracy, gainedcurrency among intellectuals."Lurking behind the scenes," as Tu Wei-ming[a professor of Chinese History and Philosophy] has pointed out in the win-ter 1996 issue of Daedalus, "was neither science nor democracy but scientismand populism.[I]nstrumental rationality and Jacobin-like collectivism fun-damentally restructured the Chinese intellectual world in the post-MayFourth period." Reformers, such as Liang Qichao, who edited a clandestinejournal, were influenced by a debased but popular version of Darwin andSpencer.They saw race war as the key to progress.58The racist thinker Herbert Spencer, mentioned in the quotationabove, was a contemporary of Darwin, whose theory he adapted to so-cial science.Among other violent, unjust and cruel ideas, Spencer pro- Darwin, Huxley and Galton were three influential evolutionists who led some ofthe Chinese intellectuals to Fascism and Communism.posed the superiority of the European races and the need for continualconflict among races and nations, suggesting that society should not as-sist its poor and weak members.Among Chinese intellectuals influenced by Darwin and Spencerwere Yen Fu and Ting Wen-chiang, whose ideas greatly influenced thefoundation of modern China.In Chinese Communism and the Rise of Mao,the American historian Benjamin Schwartz emphasizes Yen Fu and hisDarwinist ideas significantly.According to Schwartz, Yen Fu takes theWestern ideologies and theories he reads such as Spencer, and sees themas prescriptive ways to transform society and achieve the goal of wealthand power.59 Schwartz states that Darwin's theories do not merely de-scribe reality.They prescribe values and a course of action.60Ting Wen-chiang was another important Chinese ideologue andleader in Communism, whose views were founded on nothing otherthan Darwinism.Ding was the most important representative of the"New Culture" movement that influenced China in the 1910s and '20s [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.Sino-Soviet rivalry divided theCommunist world, separating allies of China from those allied with theSoviet Union.What Maoism brought upon China, and those Communist countriesthat followed China, was as dark and bloody as the Russia of Lenin andStalin.But as the "worst of the worst," Maoism created much more terri-ble regimes.In the following pages, we'll examine the red savagery that embracedAsia.Darwin's Visit to ChinaCommunism is really a European ideology, first proposed byEuropean philosophers and put into effect for the first time by Europeanactivists.It's really nothing more than the result of the materialist hostil-ity towards religion that took root in Europe.It is curious that this ideol-ogy reached and took root in an isolated country like China, so distantfrom Europe in every way.But if we look at China's recent history, a fa-miliar pattern emerges: the coming of Communism to China meant thecoming of atheism which took root thanks to Darwinism.Until the end of the 18th century, China was an inward- looking soci-ety, isolated from Western culture.The coming of English merchants inthe 19th century, brought many changes to the country.With them, thesemerchants brought a substance called opium, unknown in China before.Consumption of opium spread like an epidemic in Chinese society andwas the cause of two wars between England and China.Finally, Englandpreponderated over China.Hong Kong and other important Chinesecities fell under English influence.In this way, English imperialism entered China and with it, came COMMUNISM IN AMBUSH114Darwinism that gave imperialism scientific support.In the 19th century,the materialist and Darwinist ideas that had dominated Europe beganspreading quickly among Chinese intellectuals.In The Encyclopedia ofEvolution, Richard Milner writes:During the 19th century, the West regarded China as a sleeping giant, iso-lated and mired in ancient traditions.Few Europeans realized how avidlyChinese intellectuals seized on Darwinian evolutionary ideas and saw inthem a hopeful impetus for progress and change.According to the Chinesewriter Hu Shih (Living Philosophies, 1931), when Thomas Huxley's bookEvolution and Ethics was published in 1898, it was immediately acclaimedand accepted by Chinese intellectuals.Rich men sponsored cheap Chineseeditions so they could be widely distributed to the masses.57Just as young Turks were captivated by Western materialist ideas atthe end of the Ottoman period, so in China, ideologues appeared whoadopted materialism and Darwinism.As a result, the Chinese Empirethat had lasted thousands of years was abolished in 1911 and replacedby the Republic of China.Those who founded the republic, no matterhow anti-Western their rhetoric and policy may have been, adopted thesame racist and Social Darwinist understanding that had justifiedWestern imperialism.In an article in the American magazine NewRepublic, senior editor Jacob Heilbrunn writes:The idea of using Western ideas and inventions against the West was at itszenith in those days.In the wake of the famous May 4, 1919, demonstrationsin Beijing, calls for modernity and patriotism, science and democracy, gainedcurrency among intellectuals."Lurking behind the scenes," as Tu Wei-ming[a professor of Chinese History and Philosophy] has pointed out in the win-ter 1996 issue of Daedalus, "was neither science nor democracy but scientismand populism.[I]nstrumental rationality and Jacobin-like collectivism fun-damentally restructured the Chinese intellectual world in the post-MayFourth period." Reformers, such as Liang Qichao, who edited a clandestinejournal, were influenced by a debased but popular version of Darwin andSpencer.They saw race war as the key to progress.58The racist thinker Herbert Spencer, mentioned in the quotationabove, was a contemporary of Darwin, whose theory he adapted to so-cial science.Among other violent, unjust and cruel ideas, Spencer pro- Darwin, Huxley and Galton were three influential evolutionists who led some ofthe Chinese intellectuals to Fascism and Communism.posed the superiority of the European races and the need for continualconflict among races and nations, suggesting that society should not as-sist its poor and weak members.Among Chinese intellectuals influenced by Darwin and Spencerwere Yen Fu and Ting Wen-chiang, whose ideas greatly influenced thefoundation of modern China.In Chinese Communism and the Rise of Mao,the American historian Benjamin Schwartz emphasizes Yen Fu and hisDarwinist ideas significantly.According to Schwartz, Yen Fu takes theWestern ideologies and theories he reads such as Spencer, and sees themas prescriptive ways to transform society and achieve the goal of wealthand power.59 Schwartz states that Darwin's theories do not merely de-scribe reality.They prescribe values and a course of action.60Ting Wen-chiang was another important Chinese ideologue andleader in Communism, whose views were founded on nothing otherthan Darwinism.Ding was the most important representative of the"New Culture" movement that influenced China in the 1910s and '20s [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]