Pokrewne
- Strona Główna
- Charles M. Robinson III The Diaries of John Gregory Bourke. Volume 4, July 3, 1880 May 22,1881 (2009)
- John Marsden Kroniki Ellie 1. Wojna się skończyła, walka wcišż trwa
- Marsden John Kroniki Ellie 03 Przycišgajšc burzę
- DeMille Nelson John Corey 01 liwkowa Wyspa
- John Ringo Dziedzictwo Aldenata 03 Taniec z Diabłem
- Wojny Rady Tom 1 Tam Będš Smoki Ringo John
- Tom Mangold, John Penycate Wi podziemna wojna
- Bram Stoker Dracula
- Małecka Karolina Cherem
- Michelle Hodkin Mara Dyer tom 2 Przemiana
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.He was collecting around him King Henry senemies and those who had helped him in the last war, andwas openly displaying his discontent.An incident whichoccurred at this time illustrates his spirit.His vice-chancel-lor, Adam, who thought he owed much to the elder king, HENRY AND SONSCHAP.attempted to send him a report of his son s doings but whenhe was detected, the young Henry, finding that he could not puthim to death as he would have liked to do because the Bishopof Poitiers claimed him as a clerk, ordered him to be sent toimprisonment in Argentan and to be scourged as a traitor inall the towns through which he passed on the way.About the same time an embassy appeared in Englandfrom the Norman court of Sicily to arrange for a marriagebetween William II of that kingdom and Henry s youngestdaughter, Joanna.The marriages of each of Henry s daugh-ters had some influence on the history of England before thedeath of his youngest son.His eldest daughter Matilda hadbeen married in 1168 to Henry the Lion, head of the houseof Guelf in Germany, and his second daughter, Eleanor,to III of in or I 170.The ambas-sadors of King William found themselves pleased with thelittle princess whom they had come to see, and sent back areport, signifying also the consent of King Henry.In the following February she was married and crownedqueen at Palermo, being then a little more than twelve yearsold.Before the close of this year, I 176, Henry arranged foranother marriage to provide for his youngest son John, nowten years old.The infant heiress of Maurienne, to whom hehad been years before betrothed, had died soon after, and noother suitable heiress had since been found whose wealthmight be given him.The inheritance which his father hadnow in mind was that of the great Earl Robert of Gloucester,brother and supporter of the Empress Matilda, his father smother.Robert s son William had only daughters.Ofthese two were already married, Mabel to Amaury, Count ofEvreux, and to Richard of Earl of Hertford.Henry undertook to provide for these by pensions on the un-derstanding that all the lands of the should go toJohn on his marriage with the youngest daughter Isabel.Tothis plan Earl William agreed.The marriage itself did nottake place until after the death of King Henry.An income suitable for his position had now certainly beensecured for the king s youngest son, for in addition to theGloucester inheritance that of another of the sons of Henry I,Reginald, Earl of Cornwall who had died in I 175, leaving A FOR1176was held by Henry for his use, and still CHAP.only daughters,earlier the of Nottingham had been assigned him.At this time, however, or very soon after, a new plan sug-gested itself to his father for conferring upon him a rank andauthority proportionate to his brothers.Ireland was givingmore and more promise of shaping itself before long into afairly well-organized feudal state.If it seems to us a tur-bulent realm, where a central authority was likely to securelittle obedience, we must remember that this was still thetwelfth century, the height of the feudal age, and that tothe ruler of Aquitaine Ireland might seem to be progressingmore rapidly to a condition of what passed as settled orderSince his visit to the island, Henry had kept athan to US.close watch on the doings of his Norman vassals there andhad held them under a firm hand.During the rebellion of1173 he had had no trouble from them.Indeed, they hadserved him faithfully in that struggle and had been rewardedfor their fidelity.In the interval since the close of the warsome advance in the Norman occupation had been made.There seemed to be a prospect that both the south-west andthe north-east the southern coast of Munster and the easterncoast of Ulster -might be acquired.Limerick had beentemporarily occupied, and it was hoped to gain it perma-Even Connaught had been successfully invaded.nently.Possibly it was the hope of securing himself against attacksof this sort which he may have foreseen that led ofConnaught to acknowledge himself Henry s vassal by formaltreaty.If he had any expectation of this sort, he was dis-appointed; for the invaders of Ireland paid no attention tothe new relationship, nor did Henry himself any longer thansuited his purpose.We are now told that Henry had formed the plan of erect-ing Ireland into a kingdom, and that he had obtained fromAlexander III permission to crown whichever of his sons heand to make him king of the island.Very possiblythe relationship with Scotland, which he had lately put intoexact feudal form, suggested the possibility of another sub-ordinate kingdom and of raising John in this way to anequality with Richard and Geoffrey.At a great council heldat Oxford in May, 1177, the preliminary steps were taken HENRY AND HIS SONSCHAP.towards putting this plan into operation.Some regulationxvof Irish affairs was necessary.Richard Strongbow, Earlof Pembroke and Lord of Leinster, who had been madejusticiar after the rebellion, had died early in I 176, and hissuccessor in office, William Fitz had not proved theright man in the place.There were also new conquests tobe considered and new homages to be rendered, if the planof a kingdom was to be carried out.His purpose Henryannounced to the council, and the Norman barons, somefor the lordships originally assigned them, some for newones like Cork and Limerick, did homage in turn to Johnand to his father, as had been the rule in all similar cases.Hugh of Lacy, Henry s first justiciar, was reappointed tothat office, but there was as yet no thought of sending John,who was then eleven years old, to occupy his future kingdom.It was a crowded two years which Henry spent in Eng-land.Only the most important of the things that occupiedhis attention have we been able to notice, but the minoractivities which filled his days make up a great sum of workaccomplished.Great councils were frequently held the judi-cial reforms and the working of the administrative machinerydemanded constant attention; the question of the treatmentto be accorded to one after another of the chief barons whohad taken part in the rebellion had to be decided; fines andwere meted out, and finally the terms on which theoffenders were to be restored to the royal favour were settled.The castles occasioned the king much anxiety, and of thosethat were allowed to stand the custodians were more than oncechanged.The affairs of Wales were frequently considered,and at last the king seemed to have arranged permanentrelations of friendship with the princes of both north andsouth Wales.In March, I 177, a great council decided aquestion of a kind not often coming before an English court.The kings of Castile and Navarre submitted an importantdispute between them to the arbitration of King Henry, andthe case was heard and decided in a great council in London-no slight indication of the position of the English kingin the eyes of the world.Ever since early February, I 177, Henry had been planningto cross over to Normandy with all the feudal levies of TREATY FRANCEland.There were reasons enough for his presence there, and CHAP.with a strong hand.Richard s troubles were not yet over,though he had already proved his ability to deal with themalone [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.He was collecting around him King Henry senemies and those who had helped him in the last war, andwas openly displaying his discontent.An incident whichoccurred at this time illustrates his spirit.His vice-chancel-lor, Adam, who thought he owed much to the elder king, HENRY AND SONSCHAP.attempted to send him a report of his son s doings but whenhe was detected, the young Henry, finding that he could not puthim to death as he would have liked to do because the Bishopof Poitiers claimed him as a clerk, ordered him to be sent toimprisonment in Argentan and to be scourged as a traitor inall the towns through which he passed on the way.About the same time an embassy appeared in Englandfrom the Norman court of Sicily to arrange for a marriagebetween William II of that kingdom and Henry s youngestdaughter, Joanna.The marriages of each of Henry s daugh-ters had some influence on the history of England before thedeath of his youngest son.His eldest daughter Matilda hadbeen married in 1168 to Henry the Lion, head of the houseof Guelf in Germany, and his second daughter, Eleanor,to III of in or I 170.The ambas-sadors of King William found themselves pleased with thelittle princess whom they had come to see, and sent back areport, signifying also the consent of King Henry.In the following February she was married and crownedqueen at Palermo, being then a little more than twelve yearsold.Before the close of this year, I 176, Henry arranged foranother marriage to provide for his youngest son John, nowten years old.The infant heiress of Maurienne, to whom hehad been years before betrothed, had died soon after, and noother suitable heiress had since been found whose wealthmight be given him.The inheritance which his father hadnow in mind was that of the great Earl Robert of Gloucester,brother and supporter of the Empress Matilda, his father smother.Robert s son William had only daughters.Ofthese two were already married, Mabel to Amaury, Count ofEvreux, and to Richard of Earl of Hertford.Henry undertook to provide for these by pensions on the un-derstanding that all the lands of the should go toJohn on his marriage with the youngest daughter Isabel.Tothis plan Earl William agreed.The marriage itself did nottake place until after the death of King Henry.An income suitable for his position had now certainly beensecured for the king s youngest son, for in addition to theGloucester inheritance that of another of the sons of Henry I,Reginald, Earl of Cornwall who had died in I 175, leaving A FOR1176was held by Henry for his use, and still CHAP.only daughters,earlier the of Nottingham had been assigned him.At this time, however, or very soon after, a new plan sug-gested itself to his father for conferring upon him a rank andauthority proportionate to his brothers.Ireland was givingmore and more promise of shaping itself before long into afairly well-organized feudal state.If it seems to us a tur-bulent realm, where a central authority was likely to securelittle obedience, we must remember that this was still thetwelfth century, the height of the feudal age, and that tothe ruler of Aquitaine Ireland might seem to be progressingmore rapidly to a condition of what passed as settled orderSince his visit to the island, Henry had kept athan to US.close watch on the doings of his Norman vassals there andhad held them under a firm hand.During the rebellion of1173 he had had no trouble from them.Indeed, they hadserved him faithfully in that struggle and had been rewardedfor their fidelity.In the interval since the close of the warsome advance in the Norman occupation had been made.There seemed to be a prospect that both the south-west andthe north-east the southern coast of Munster and the easterncoast of Ulster -might be acquired.Limerick had beentemporarily occupied, and it was hoped to gain it perma-Even Connaught had been successfully invaded.nently.Possibly it was the hope of securing himself against attacksof this sort which he may have foreseen that led ofConnaught to acknowledge himself Henry s vassal by formaltreaty.If he had any expectation of this sort, he was dis-appointed; for the invaders of Ireland paid no attention tothe new relationship, nor did Henry himself any longer thansuited his purpose.We are now told that Henry had formed the plan of erect-ing Ireland into a kingdom, and that he had obtained fromAlexander III permission to crown whichever of his sons heand to make him king of the island.Very possiblythe relationship with Scotland, which he had lately put intoexact feudal form, suggested the possibility of another sub-ordinate kingdom and of raising John in this way to anequality with Richard and Geoffrey.At a great council heldat Oxford in May, 1177, the preliminary steps were taken HENRY AND HIS SONSCHAP.towards putting this plan into operation.Some regulationxvof Irish affairs was necessary.Richard Strongbow, Earlof Pembroke and Lord of Leinster, who had been madejusticiar after the rebellion, had died early in I 176, and hissuccessor in office, William Fitz had not proved theright man in the place.There were also new conquests tobe considered and new homages to be rendered, if the planof a kingdom was to be carried out.His purpose Henryannounced to the council, and the Norman barons, somefor the lordships originally assigned them, some for newones like Cork and Limerick, did homage in turn to Johnand to his father, as had been the rule in all similar cases.Hugh of Lacy, Henry s first justiciar, was reappointed tothat office, but there was as yet no thought of sending John,who was then eleven years old, to occupy his future kingdom.It was a crowded two years which Henry spent in Eng-land.Only the most important of the things that occupiedhis attention have we been able to notice, but the minoractivities which filled his days make up a great sum of workaccomplished.Great councils were frequently held the judi-cial reforms and the working of the administrative machinerydemanded constant attention; the question of the treatmentto be accorded to one after another of the chief barons whohad taken part in the rebellion had to be decided; fines andwere meted out, and finally the terms on which theoffenders were to be restored to the royal favour were settled.The castles occasioned the king much anxiety, and of thosethat were allowed to stand the custodians were more than oncechanged.The affairs of Wales were frequently considered,and at last the king seemed to have arranged permanentrelations of friendship with the princes of both north andsouth Wales.In March, I 177, a great council decided aquestion of a kind not often coming before an English court.The kings of Castile and Navarre submitted an importantdispute between them to the arbitration of King Henry, andthe case was heard and decided in a great council in London-no slight indication of the position of the English kingin the eyes of the world.Ever since early February, I 177, Henry had been planningto cross over to Normandy with all the feudal levies of TREATY FRANCEland.There were reasons enough for his presence there, and CHAP.with a strong hand.Richard s troubles were not yet over,though he had already proved his ability to deal with themalone [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]