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.Note, however, that it is possible to con gure both twm and fvwm so that you must click on orin a window to gain focus, and click somewhere else to lose it, identical to the behavior of MicrosoftWindows.Either discover how your window manager is con gured by trial and error, or consultlocal documentation.5.4.3 Moving WindowsAnother very con gurable thing in X is howto move windows around.In my personal con gurationof twm, there are three di erent ways of moving windows around.The most obvious method is tomove the mouse cursor onto the title bar and drag the window around the screen.Unfortunately,this may be done with any of the left, right, or middle buttons3.To drag, move the cursor abovethe title bar, and hold down on the button while moving the mouse.Most likely, your con gurationis set to move windows using the left mouse buttons.Another way of moving windows may be holding down a key while dragging the mouse.Forinstance, in my con guration, if I hold down the Alt key, move the cursor above a window, I candrag the window around using the left mouse button.Again, you may be able to understand how the window manager is con gured by trial and error,or by seeing local documentation.Alternatively, if you want to try to interpret the window manager'scon guration le, see Section 9.2.1 for twm or Section 9.2.2 for fvwm.5.4.4 DepthSince windows are allowed to overlap in X, there is a concept of depth.Even though the windows andthe screen are both two dimensional, one window can be in front of another, partially or completelyobscuring the rear window.There are several operations that deal with depth:2You can have more then one copy of xterm running at the same time!3Many PCs have only two button mice.If this is the case for you, you should be able to emulate a middle buttonby using the left and right buttons simultaneously. 42 CHAPTER 5.THE X WINDOW SYSTEMRaising the window, or bringing a window to the front.This is usually accomplished byclicking on a window's title bar with one of the buttons.Depending on how the windowmanager is con gured, it could be any one of the buttons.It is also possible that more thenone button will do the job.Lowering the window, or pushing the window to the back.This can generally be accomplishedby a di erent click in the title bar.It is also possible to con gure some window managers sothat one click will bring the window foward if there is anything over it, while that same clickwill lower it when it is in the front.Cycling through windows is another operation many window managers allow.This bringseach window to the front in an orderly cycle.5.4.5 IconizationThere are several other operations that can obscure windows or hide them completely.First is theidea of iconization".Depending on the window manager, this can be done in many di erent ways.In twm, many people con gure an icon manager.This is a special window that contains a list ofall the other windows on the screen.If you click on a name depending on the setup, it could bewith any of the buttons! the window disappears|it is iconi ed.The window is still active, but youcan't see it.Another click in the icon manager restores the window to the screen.This is quite useful.For instance, you could have remote xterms to many di erent computersthat you occasionally use.However, since you rarely use all of them at a given time, you can keepmost of the xterm windows iconi ed while you work with a small subset.The only problem withthis is it becomes easy to lose" windows.This causes you to create new windows that duplicatethe functionality of iconi ed windows.Other window managers might create actual icons across the bottom of the screen, or might justleave icons on the root window.5.4.6 ResizingThere are several di erent methods to resize windows under X.Again, it is dependent on yourwindow manager and exactly howyour window manager is con gured.The method many MicrosoftWindows users are familiar with is to click on and drag the border of a window.If your windowmanager creates large borders that change how the mouse cursor looks when it is moved over them,that is probably the method used to resize windows.Another method used is to create a resizing" button on the titlebar.In Figure 5.3, a smallbutton is visible on the right of each titlebar.To resize windows, the mouse is moved onto the resizebutton and the left mouse button is held down.You can then move the mouse outside the bordersof the window to resize it.The button is released when the desired size has been reached. 5.5.XATTRIBUTES 435.4.7 MaximizationMost window managers support maximization.In twm, for instance, you can maximize the height,the width, or both dimensions of a window.This is called zooming" in twm's language although Iprefer the term maximization.Di erent applications respond di erently to changes in their windowsize.For instance, xterm won't make the font bigger but will give you a larger workspace.Unfortunately, it is extremely non-standard on how to maximize windows.5.4.8 MenusAnother purpose for window managers is for them to provide menus for the user to quickly accomplishtasks that are done over and over.For instance, I might make a menu choice that automaticallylaunches Emacs or an additional xterm for me.That way I don't need to type in an xterm|anespecially good thing if there aren't any running xterms that I need to type in to start a newprogram!In general, di erent menus can be accessed by clicking on the root window, which is an immovablewindow behind all the other ones.By default, it is colored gray, but could look like anything.4 Totry to see a menu, click and hold down a button on the desktop.A menu should pop up.To makea selection, move without releasing the mouse button the cursor over one of the items any thenrelease the mouse button.5.5 X AttributesThere are many programs that take advantage of X [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.Note, however, that it is possible to con gure both twm and fvwm so that you must click on orin a window to gain focus, and click somewhere else to lose it, identical to the behavior of MicrosoftWindows.Either discover how your window manager is con gured by trial and error, or consultlocal documentation.5.4.3 Moving WindowsAnother very con gurable thing in X is howto move windows around.In my personal con gurationof twm, there are three di erent ways of moving windows around.The most obvious method is tomove the mouse cursor onto the title bar and drag the window around the screen.Unfortunately,this may be done with any of the left, right, or middle buttons3.To drag, move the cursor abovethe title bar, and hold down on the button while moving the mouse.Most likely, your con gurationis set to move windows using the left mouse buttons.Another way of moving windows may be holding down a key while dragging the mouse.Forinstance, in my con guration, if I hold down the Alt key, move the cursor above a window, I candrag the window around using the left mouse button.Again, you may be able to understand how the window manager is con gured by trial and error,or by seeing local documentation.Alternatively, if you want to try to interpret the window manager'scon guration le, see Section 9.2.1 for twm or Section 9.2.2 for fvwm.5.4.4 DepthSince windows are allowed to overlap in X, there is a concept of depth.Even though the windows andthe screen are both two dimensional, one window can be in front of another, partially or completelyobscuring the rear window.There are several operations that deal with depth:2You can have more then one copy of xterm running at the same time!3Many PCs have only two button mice.If this is the case for you, you should be able to emulate a middle buttonby using the left and right buttons simultaneously. 42 CHAPTER 5.THE X WINDOW SYSTEMRaising the window, or bringing a window to the front.This is usually accomplished byclicking on a window's title bar with one of the buttons.Depending on how the windowmanager is con gured, it could be any one of the buttons.It is also possible that more thenone button will do the job.Lowering the window, or pushing the window to the back.This can generally be accomplishedby a di erent click in the title bar.It is also possible to con gure some window managers sothat one click will bring the window foward if there is anything over it, while that same clickwill lower it when it is in the front.Cycling through windows is another operation many window managers allow.This bringseach window to the front in an orderly cycle.5.4.5 IconizationThere are several other operations that can obscure windows or hide them completely.First is theidea of iconization".Depending on the window manager, this can be done in many di erent ways.In twm, many people con gure an icon manager.This is a special window that contains a list ofall the other windows on the screen.If you click on a name depending on the setup, it could bewith any of the buttons! the window disappears|it is iconi ed.The window is still active, but youcan't see it.Another click in the icon manager restores the window to the screen.This is quite useful.For instance, you could have remote xterms to many di erent computersthat you occasionally use.However, since you rarely use all of them at a given time, you can keepmost of the xterm windows iconi ed while you work with a small subset.The only problem withthis is it becomes easy to lose" windows.This causes you to create new windows that duplicatethe functionality of iconi ed windows.Other window managers might create actual icons across the bottom of the screen, or might justleave icons on the root window.5.4.6 ResizingThere are several di erent methods to resize windows under X.Again, it is dependent on yourwindow manager and exactly howyour window manager is con gured.The method many MicrosoftWindows users are familiar with is to click on and drag the border of a window.If your windowmanager creates large borders that change how the mouse cursor looks when it is moved over them,that is probably the method used to resize windows.Another method used is to create a resizing" button on the titlebar.In Figure 5.3, a smallbutton is visible on the right of each titlebar.To resize windows, the mouse is moved onto the resizebutton and the left mouse button is held down.You can then move the mouse outside the bordersof the window to resize it.The button is released when the desired size has been reached. 5.5.XATTRIBUTES 435.4.7 MaximizationMost window managers support maximization.In twm, for instance, you can maximize the height,the width, or both dimensions of a window.This is called zooming" in twm's language although Iprefer the term maximization.Di erent applications respond di erently to changes in their windowsize.For instance, xterm won't make the font bigger but will give you a larger workspace.Unfortunately, it is extremely non-standard on how to maximize windows.5.4.8 MenusAnother purpose for window managers is for them to provide menus for the user to quickly accomplishtasks that are done over and over.For instance, I might make a menu choice that automaticallylaunches Emacs or an additional xterm for me.That way I don't need to type in an xterm|anespecially good thing if there aren't any running xterms that I need to type in to start a newprogram!In general, di erent menus can be accessed by clicking on the root window, which is an immovablewindow behind all the other ones.By default, it is colored gray, but could look like anything.4 Totry to see a menu, click and hold down a button on the desktop.A menu should pop up.To makea selection, move without releasing the mouse button the cursor over one of the items any thenrelease the mouse button.5.5 X AttributesThere are many programs that take advantage of X [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]